Genetic Engineering in Agriculture
What Is Genetic Engineering ?
Genetic engineering (GE) refers to the use of genes, chromosomes, and gene products to modified an organism or cell. The term can refer to the use of the techniques of molecular biology to alter the genetic material of plants and animals, or the use of these techniques to create transgenic organisms.
It can also refer to the use of recombinant DNA technology to alter the genes of plants and animals, or the use of these techniques to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Genetic engineering is sometimes used synonymously with the term genetic modification, although genetic modification can also refer to non-genetic modification of genes.
Important of Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering has been an important part of our lives for decades and has been used to improve the crops that we eat, the animals we raise, and the products we use every day. Today, genetic engineering is used to make products and crops that are better for the environment, more nutritious, and better for the economy. It has also been used to develop insect-resistant crops, which have helped farmers protect their crops from being destroyed by insects. These insect-resistant crops have been a huge advance in protecting our food supply and the environment.
It has also caused great controversy, because some people think that it causes harm to humans and animals, and others think that it can be used to improve our lives. The first genetically engineered product was human insulin, which is used to treat diabetes. Today, genetic engineering is used in a wide range of products, including pharmaceuticals, crops, and animal products.
Genetic engineering against insects
Through genetic engineering. Modern technology has allowed us to take genetic material from other organisms and manipulate it to serve our purposes. In the past 30 years, genetic engineering has progressed from providing single events with a single mode of action against a single insect order to providing complex traits with multiple modes of action against multiple insect orders. Today, we can use genetic engineering to make crops that are resistant to pests, increase yield, or improve the nutritional value of food.
Developed of genetic engineering
Genetic engineering has been an incredibly powerful tool for the improvement of crops. Over the past 30 years, the traits developed through genetic engineering have progressed from single events with one mode of action against one insect order to complex combinations of traits that provide multiple modes of action against multiple insect orders. These complex traits have been a great boon to farmers, providing them with much-needed solutions to insect pests while also increasing yields and reducing pesticide use. Much of this progress has been the result of the genetic engineering technique known as gene editing.
Genetically modified crops
The use of genetically engineered crops has been a controversial topic for decades. The first genetically engineered crop, a strain of corn, was introduced in the 1980s. Since then, the use of GE crops has been shown to have many benefits, including the ability to reduce the use of insecticides, which are often less effective and/or less environmentally friendly than their GE counterparts. Because of this, the use of GE crops has been adopted by many farmers and has been a major factor in the reduction in insecticides used on farms.
Applications of genetic engineering in agriculture
Insect control is one of the most widely used applications of genetic engineering in agriculture. There are many widely accepted benefits of using GE crops for insect control, including the ability to reduce the use of less effective and/or less environmentally friendly insecticides, which are often broad-spectrum insecticides that kill not only targeted insects but also many other species. The use of GE crops for insect control also offers a high level of specificity, which is often described as the ability to kill targeted insects while minimizing harm to other species. This is especially important in organic farming, where the use of insecticides is generally not permitted.
Genetic engineering can be used to modified crops to make them stronger and more resistant to disease and drought.
Genetic engineering and human health
Genetic engineering has been one of the most powerful tools used to improve human health by increasing our understanding of the human genome. It has been used to treat and diagnose disease, increase our understanding of human biology, and increase our capacity to provide a healthy diet to a growing population. It has also been used in the agricultural sector to increase yields and improve the quality of our food. The most advanced forms of genetic engineering, such as gene editing, are poised to have an even greater impact on our lives.
Genetic engineering improve plant and crops
The first major use of genetic engineering has been in agriculture and plant, where the primary purpose has been to increase yield by improving the productivity of agricultural plants through the genetic modification of plant genomes. This has been achieved through the use of select genes from other plants and animals, which has been achieved through the use of gene transfer mechanisms such as vectors, which have been developed specifically for this purpose. This has allowed the transfer of genes that confer resistance to pests and diseases, increase yield, and increase the nutritional value of crops. This has been a major driver of the current agricultural revolution, which has been largely responsible for feeding the rapidly growing human population.
History of genetic engineering
The use of genetic engineering in agriculture has been one of the biggest interventions in the direction of human food production. The first genetic engineering techniques were developed in the 1970s, and since then they have been used to improve crop yields and increase the nutritional content of foods. Much of the current food system would not be possible without the use of genetic engineering. However, the over-reliance on genetic engineering without the use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices or the use of other methods of resistance management has led to a growing number of cases of weed resistance.
Genetically modified cotton
One of the most important natural sources of fiber, oil, and seeds for livestock feeding, is cotton. From the point of view of production, cotton is one of the most versatile crops, since it is able to grow in different climatic and soil conditions. Cotton is a plant of the genus Gossypium, which contains four domesticated species: G. arboreum, G. barbadense, G. hirsutum, and G. mauritianum. The first three of these species are grown primarily for their fibers, while the fourth species is grown primarily for its seeds.
Cotton is an agricultural crop that has been grown for thousands of years, and was first cultivated in India, then spread to other parts of Asia and the Mediterranean region.
With 18 species, Central, and South America are the richest regions in Gossypium species globally, being Mexico one of the most diverse countries with 14 different species. The northeast of Africa and the southwest of Arabia also have 14 different species and Australia has 17 species.
The first genetically engineered crop on the market, Bt cotton, was introduced in 1996. This variety contained Cry1Ac, a naturally occurring insecticidal protein from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, which functions as a pesticide. The purpose of Bt cotton was to provide farmers with a more targeted form of pest control than traditional broad-spectrum pesticides. Rather than spraying an entire field with insecticides in the hopes of killing pests.
Since the 1990-something, genetic engineering has been used to develop improved varieties of cotton, which has substantially increased yields in many countries. Today, genetically modified cotton accounts for roughly 90 percent of the cotton grown in the world. The first genetically engineered cotton was produced by combining the gene from a type of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) with cotton to make it more resistant to pests. This was the first generation of Bt cotton, which was followed by the second generation of Bt cotton, which offered broader resistance to pests.
The uptake of Bt cotton and other selective technologies was critical to enabling greater reliance on natural controls like conservation biological control. The key to success was the ongoing research and development to improve yields, reduce agrochemical inputs, and address insect resistance. The next generation of Bt cotton, COTTONX, will be the first to combine the yield and agronomic performance of conventional cotton with the sustainability of Bt cotton. It also has the potential to reduce the use of insecticides, which would have a positive impact on the environment and human health.
genetically modified corn ( Maize plant)
Maize is an important crop grown in Brazil and South Africa. It is a major source of food, feed, and fiber for humans and animals all over the world. Maize is an important crop, but it is also a major target for pests. One of the most serious pests of maize is the fall armyworm, S. frugiperda. Maize is an important crop grown in . It is the largest producer of maize in the world, accounting for 31% of global production. Maize is an important source of starch and protein and is used to produce corn flakes, corn tortillas, cornbread, hominy, corn on the cob, and many other foods. S. frugiperda is the main maize pest in the United States and is a major pest of maize throughout the world.
The genetic engineering has seen the development of maize that is resistant to these pests. This maize is grown using genetic engineering, which is the direct modification of DNA by humans.
Genetically modified maize, also known as genetically engineered maize, or simply GE maize, is a plant whose genetic material has been altered using biotechnology. The first GE maize was produced in 1982, and since then, GE maize has been engineered for a variety of purposes. One of the most recent introductions of GE technology, which targeted the corn rootworm, has provided levels of crop protection not previously realized by Brazilian growers. This has helped to reduce the amount of insecticide used in the country and has been a boon for the environment.
Genetic engineering, commonly referred to as genetic modification, is the manipulation of an organism's genes to alter the way they are expressed.
The first genetically modified organisms were plants; the first crops to be engineered for use in human food were maize and soybeans. The introduction of GE technology in Brazil in 2008 and 2009, which targeted the crop insect pest sugarcane borer, has provided levels of crop protection not previously realized by Brazilian growers.
This has been a boon for those growers who have been able to access the technology in a timely fashion. Since the introduction of genetically engineered (GE) maize in 2008, which is engineered to resist the damage caused by the cotton bacceria, the corn yields in Brazil have increased dramatically. The introduction of GE maize has proven to be a great benefit to Brazilian farmers, providing them with levels of crop protection not previously realized. This has allowed farmers to increase their yields per acre and reduce their costs per unit of production.
Genetically modified maize has been engineered to resist certain pests, and is one of the first genetically modified crops to be commercialized. The first generation of insect-resistant maize was engineered by inserting genes from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) into corn plants. Bt proteins are insecticides, and are effective against certain caterpillars and other insects. The first Bt maize was produced in 1994, and since then, many other types of Bt maize have been developed.
Dr. Mohammed Mabrouk Salama Professor of physiology
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